The Discipline of Nursing Professional Boundaries

The Discipline of Nursing Professional Boundaries As professionals in health care, the nurses aim is to have a therapeutic relationship with the patient, where boundaries of the relationship are strictly safe and within the code of ethics. Such boundaries are called professional boundaries that are defined as the spaces between the nurses power and the clients vulnerability. Establishing these boundaries provide the nurse with authority to allow a confidential and professional therapeutic relationship with the patient (The National Council of State Boards of Nursing 2010, p. 25). To avoid breaches and infringement, these boundaries must be maintained throughout clinical practices and placements. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, also known as ANMC, (cited in Kralik van Loon 2008, p. 76) define professional boundaries as the limit of a relationship between a nurse and an individual or between a nurse and any significant other persons, which facilitates safe and therapeutic practice and results in safe and effective care. In regards to nursing, the ANMC (cited in Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2009, p. 103) advocates that professional boundaries are related to the responsibility, performance, morals and actions from the nurse and must be maintained when working with vulnerable individuals. To ensure a professional environment between the nurse and patient, a code of conduct, as well as a set of policies and ethics, are put in place. Daly, Speedy Jackson (2006, p. 131) states that nursing ethics can be defined broadly as the examination of all kinds of ethical (and bioethical) issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice. The most important organizations in Australia that create policies for nurses and other health care professionals to abide by, are the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (ANMC), the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). The policies, as spoken by the ANMC, is generated and expected for nurses to uphold both within and outside of professional domains in order to ensure the good standing of the nursing profession (ANMC 2008, p.1). If the organizations code isnt followed, it will establish a breaching of boundaries and professional misconduct, which is defined as the unethical, immoral and improper actions outside of the nurses practice (ANMC 2008, p.2). The continuum of professional behaviors is an evaluation tool for nurses to assess the interaction between the client and the nurse. Seen in this continuum, the zone in the middle is called the zone of helpfulness where it verifies if the behavior towards the patient, demonstrated by the nurse, is safe and professional. Breaching of boundaries can be on either side of the zone of helpfulness where on the left hand side is under-involvement and towards the right hand side is over-involvement. Both ends of the continuum generally involve violating and breaching the borders of a therapeutic relationship and are harmful and damaging to both the nurse and the patient (Oregon Sate Board of Nursing 2010, p.12). Under-involvement is mostly seen when the patient is feeling neglected and isolated. Predominantly, when the nurse abandons the patient, there is a lack of care, which in turn, may be able to increase health risks for the patient. For example, ignoring the patient during two-hourly bed turns could cause bedsores on the patients body or paying no attention to the patients strict diet could cause food allergies. Disregarding the patient is detrimental to their health and may also be damaging to the nurse (National Council of State Boards of Nursing 2010 p. 25). Boundary violations are on the over-involvement side of the continuum and are breaches that, at times, intend to harm the patient and sometimes occur when the nurses needs are met instead of the patients. An example of such violations can include the nurse providing personal information or feelings to the patient, accepting a gift from the patient or engaging in a sexual relationship with the patient. As health care providers, patients are more susceptible to boundary violations because of vulnerability, high dependency on the nurse and low stability on their mental and emotional state (Nurse Together 2011). Vulnerable individuals are most important when working with professional boundaries. In the health care profession, vulnerable individuals are usually those that have an extended length of stay or treatment, but can also be those that are of old age, have a high dependency on the nurse, have past trauma or injuries, a high severity of illness and/or a low stability on their emotional and mental state. (Holden Schenthal 2007, p. 28) There are many different strategies for a nurse to utilize during clinical placements. The American Nurses Association (cited in Holden, KV Schenthal, SJ, 2007 p. 25) says that when acting within ones role as a professional, the nurse should recognize and maintain boundaries that establish appropriate limits to relationships. For vulnerable individuals, Nurse Together (2011) advocates that boundaries can be maintained by many tools such as using an approachable and professional tone and by having a clear distinction of the professional relationship and the role of the nurse and as the patient. The tone of the nurse can be interpreted in many different ways, thus has the ability to breach the professional boundary between the nurse and the patient. If the nurse is talking with an interested, over-friendly and flirtatious tone, it can be interpreted it as becoming over-involved with the patient as it is engaging in a sexual relationship with the patient. The nurse should always act in the best interest of the client and be cognizant of their feelings and behavior. Nurses should always be aware of the patient and their culture. For example, a patient with different beliefs may view an action in a different manner, which therefore has the ability to become a potential catalyst to an unprofessional relationship (Oregon State Board of Nursing 200 p.14). Therefore, to maintain professional boundaries with vulnerable individuals, nurses should keep within the zone of helpfulness by having a clear distinction that the relationship with the patient is kept professional and the nurse is the health care worker, not the patient. As a nurse, there are boundaries that must be conserved to have a professional therapeutic relationship with the vulnerable patient throughout clinical placements and/or clinical practices. Organizations such as ANMC and AHPRA generate policies to enable the nurse to take care of a patient at an optimal level and not be over or under involved. If, however, there is a violation of these boundaries, it is considered as professional misconduct. Maintaining these boundaries is important for risk management, quality assurance, client satisfaction and agency resource utilization (Clark et. al, cited in Kralik van Loon 2007, p. 76).

National Home Builders Quality Award

It is recognized as an established source for reliable, objective information and research on housing construction and development issues, while it continues to promote innovation in housing technology to improve the quality, durability, affordability, and environmental performance of omes and home building products. Through its various testing and certification programs, the Research Center seal is recognized internationally as a mark of product quality and an assurance of product performance (nahbrc. com).In an effort to cultivate quality within the home building industry and promote the industrys best practices the National Housing Quality Award (NHQA) was established in 1992. This award represents the housing industrys highest recognition for achievements in the area of quality management and operational excellence in the residential construction industry (nahbrc. com). The NHQ Award is modeled after the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, which was established in 1987, by C ongress to raise awareness of quality management and recognize U.S. companies that have implemented successful quality-management systems (Baldrige. com). The Award promotes awareness of performance excellence as an increasingly important element in competitiveness and information sharing of successful performance strategies and the benefits derived from using these strategies (Wikipedia). Recipients are selected based on achievement and improvement in seven areas, known as the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence, which the NHQA hasPerformance Excellence which has eight categories upon which entrants are Judged. The National Housing Quality Award (NHQA) is open to all US homebuilders, remodelers and trade contractors and is administered by the NAHBRC in conjunction with Reed Business Information, publishers of Professional Builder Magazine. NHQ Award applications are reviewed by a panel of Judges who are experts in both the housing industry and quality management, many of t hem being past NHQ awards winners.These Judges then evaluate the importance of quality in the companys construction, strategic planning, leadership and performance management, trade elationships, customer satisfaction, human resources and business results, which are the NHQA Criteria for Performance Excellence (nahbrc . com). The NHQ Award is presented annually at the Professional Builders Benchmark Conference. Award winners go on to be featured in Professional Builder Magazine articles that highlight the quality management practices as models for the housing industry. The award title is held for one year.AWARD CRITERIA Patterned after the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, the NHQ Award was designed to recognize residential construction companies for excellence in quality chievement and promote awareness of customer focused quality as an increasingly vital element of competitiveness and productivity for building professionals. The NHQA has two divisions with one open to all U S companies that build or remodel residential homes using light construction methods. The other is open to all independent trade contractors that provide construction services to builders or remodeling companies.The NHQA consists of a set of eight criteria as outlined in their Criteria for Performance Excellence: Category I Description I Points I Leadership I How does the company's senior leaders, guide the organization towards common purposed based on shared values and priorities? | 10 | Strategic Quality Planning I How does the organization create and implement a strategic plan to achieve a vision for the future, enhance their competitive position and improve overall performance? | 10 | Performance Management I How are the companys business processes developed, managed, measured and improved to achieve performance excellence? 10 | Customer Satisfaction I How does the company manage the design and delivery of products and services that promise a high level of customer satisfaction? | 10 | Human Resources I How does the organizations mployee selection and development practices, as well as staff performance management, well being, motivation, satisfaction and compensation contribute to the growth of the organization? | 10 | Construction Quality I What methods does the company use to drive quality in the home construction process and ensure high performing, trouble free products and services? 10 | Supplier Partnerships Examines how the organization designs, manages and improves processes for implementation to deliver customer value and reach organizational success | 10 Business Results I What are the tangible measurements of the business benefits esulting from the organizations high performance practices in the financial, operational, customer satisfaction and product and service quality areas? | 30 | Despite the fact that the NHQA award is modeled after the MBNQA award there are focuses on quality assurance approaches that ensure high performing, trouble free p roducts and services.In addition the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award is awarded to a sole winner whereas the National Housing Quality Award has several award categories. The NHQA has three recognition levels: honorable mention, silver and gold. Gold is awarded to those that have attained a national benchmark level within ach area of evaluation; they have mature, fully integrated quality management principles and consistently demonstrate high level sustained results. Silver is awarded to those that are industry leaders in most evaluation areas; they have many refined business practices, key measures for continual improvement and good business results.Honorable mention is awarded in special circumstances for those that demonstrate an understanding of quality principles and show a sound, fact based improvement process. Key measures are in place and good business results are achieved in most areas (Denis 2009). To be considered for the NHQ Award applicants must complete a rigorous applic ation process which includes a 15 page application which is considered an important step in every applicant's road to quality.This is so as participants benefit from the insightful process of preparing the application, which is a long and grueling process, which takes hundreds of man- hours to complete. Judges evaluate each applicant to determine to what extent the entrant embraced a customer focus and systematically embraced it within their business practices. Those that passed the initial selection were scheduled for a site isit. On the site visit, each finalist spent at a minimum a day with a team of Judges. At the end of the visit, the Judges had a clear understanding of the company culture, management practices and the quality results.The final award is given to the organization that is deemed befitting on the overall Judge's findings. BENEFITS OF THE AWARD The NHQ Award is more than recognition of quality achievement. It sets a benchmark to strive for and a model for improveme nt. By preparing an NHQA application organizations get an opportunity to assess their business from a Total Quality perspective. This rigorous process allows organizations to really take a look at their processes and make significant improvements in order to be competitive.The organizations that submit an NHQA application receive detailed feedback on strengths and opportunities for improvement from the expert Judging panel. According to Tom Gillespie, President Kennedy Community Development, a multi-year applicant and 1997 NHQ Award winner, â€Å"no other programs has provided our company with more rewards, both financial and operational, than the NHQ application process provides† (Toolbase. org). This shows the depth of the application rocess and the benefits that can be yielded from its undertaking. Tom Gillespie is not the only one that praises the benefit of the NHQ way.David Simon, president of operations at Veridian Homes, a 2005 Silver award winner, says that, â€Å"t he in-depth review of our application and the detailed site visits provide valuable feedback not only for our strategic planning but also for driving quality improvement throughout the organizations† (Builderonline, 2005). The benefits of the NHQ award are far reaching, applicants benefit Just by undertaking the award application process and y implementing changes based on the feedback that they are provided by the gross profit margins which can be significant.Mercedes Homes, a 1996 NHQ Award winner used the NHQ criteria as a model to â€Å"tune-up† their management practices. As a result of this improvement process they had higher profits in 1996 than the previous five years combined! Scott Buescher, V. P Operations, COO, attributes reports that using the NHQ model was a major factor in their success (Toobase. org, NHQ Agenda). The bottom line is that there are really no losers with the NHQ award as the enefits far outweigh the time and effort that are invested into th e application process.According to Paul Deffenbaugh, editorial director of Professional Builder, as a result of going through the process, NHQ Award winners, â€Å"significantly improve the performance of their companies, making them more consistent and more reliable. Home buyers have found these companies execute the best quality homes and deliver the highest quality satisfaction† (National Building News, 2007). PAST WINNERS Since the inception of the NHQA in 1993 through 2009, 67 builders have received recognition, of which eight builders have earned multiple awards.These organizations range in size from small family owned to large national builders, building a variety of homes in a wide price range. In addition six remodelers and five trade partners have been awarded recognition (Leonard, 2009). NHQ Award winners represent the best of the best in the home building industry. In 1993 Town and Country Homes was named the first National Housing Quality Award winner. This win w as attributed to customer satisfaction and sales as the leading Chicago area home builder (Hauser, 1993). Since then many other organizations have gone on to win what is considered the hardest award to win in home building.In 2009, Tempe, Arizona based builder, T. W Lewis become the sole recipient of the 2009 NHQ Gold Award, having won in 1998 the NHQ Silver Award. â€Å"This award is a significant accomplishment in the homebuilding industry and one that our company and associates are very honored to received,† said T. W Lewis president and COO Kevin Egan. â€Å"The NHQ Award reaffirms the path we have chosen as a company-a path that is focused on productive quality, customer satisfaction and operational excellence† (East Valley Living, 2009).In 2002 only one U. S builder was recognized as a Gold Award winner and that was History Maker Homes of Forth Worth, Texas. History maker attributed their success to the relationships that they have been able to foster. Nelson Mit chell, president of history maker a family owned company said, â€Å"we strive for valued relationships with our customers and with each of our team members, as well. Our company works diligently to maintain the family culture we have enjoyed for many decades† (History Maker Homes, 2002). 002 was a historic year for the NHQ Awards as it was the first year since its inception in 1993 that Silver Awards were gained by two trade contractors as the award was expanded to include ot only builders, but remodelers and trade contractors as well. The inaugural winners in the contractor category were All-tech, Inc. of Monroe, N. J and Tappe Construction of Eagan, Minn. When the NHQ Awards were introduced almost two decades ago, many builders had a hard time figuring out how quality management could help their companies.The longevity of the Awards and the achievements of the winning builders have set this award as the most prestigious award in the industry. Housing Quality Award examines the builder's business and quality management practices. We are concerned with the builder's ability to deliver a quality product onsistently, have satisfied home buyers, and achieve high productivity,† says Liza Bowles, President of the NAHB Research Center, (Professional Builder, 1997). Following is a list of other past winners of The NHQ Awards.For the home building industry the epitome of quality is seen in the National Housing Quality Award, an award modeled after the infamous Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and represents the highest recognition to be gained in the housing industry. The NHQA Criteria for Performance Excellence has been an important tool for hundreds of home builders and trade contractors to assess and improve performance on critical business success factors which has enabled them to grow as n organization.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigE_Visionhttp://www.builderonline.com/design/awards/the-winning-homes-from-the-2016-gold-nugget-awards_oHome http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/technology/internet/23worm.htmlhttp://www.historymaker.com/dfw/aubrey/arrowbrooke-50s/http://www.nbnnews.com.au/tag/t4/https://www.nahb.org/en/research/safety/~/media/EC307DD0CB534384A60E0E089E7C5831.ashxhttps://uxplanet.org/best-practices-for-microinteractions-9456211aeed0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:HighBeamhttps://www.tceq.texas.gov/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAHBGreenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_National_Quality_Award

The galatians of the new testament

While text editions stress the descent of Europe from classical civilization, the face of Europe throughout most of the historical period was dominated by a individual cultural group, a powerful, culturally diverse group of peoples, the Celts. By the start of the Middle Ages, the Celts had been struck on two foreparts by two really powerful civilizations, Rome in the South, and the Germans, who were derived from Gaelic civilization, from the North. Through the period of classical Greece ( matching to the La T & A ; ecirc ; ne civilization in cardinal Europe ) to first centuries AD, most of Europe was under the shadow of this civilization which, in its diverse signifiers, still represented a reasonably incorporate civilization. This massive civilization spread from Ireland to Asia Minor ( the Galatians of the New Testament ) . The Celts even sacked Rome in 390 BC and successfully invaded and sacked several Grecian metropoliss in 280 BC. Though the Celts were preliterate during most of the classical period, the Greeks and Romans discourse them rather a spot, normally disfavorably. From this great civilization would originate the Germans ( we think ) and many of the cultural signifiers, thoughts, and values of mediaeval Europe. For non merely did mediaeval Europe expression back to the Celtic universe as a aureate age of Europe, they besides lived with societal constructions and universe positions that finally owe their beginning to the Celts every bit good as to the Romans and Greeks. The period of Gaelic laterality in Europe began to unknot in the first centuries AD, with the enlargement of Rome, the migrations of the Germans, and subsequently the inflow of an Asiatic immigrant population, the Huns. By the clip Rome fell to Gothic encroachers, the Celts had been pushed west and north, to England, Wales and Ireland and subsequently to Scotland and the northern seashore of France. The Celts are traditionally ignored in universe history text editions and class, but the Celtic manner of life, Celtic establishments, and the Celtic universe position were superimposed onto Germanic and classical civilization. The ulterior massive European civilization is greatly influenced by these early peoples. Most of what we know about Celtic life comes from Ireland-the largest and most extended of the Celtic populations, the Gauls in cardinal and western Europe, we merely know about through Roman sources-and these beginnings are unquestionably unfriendly to the Gauls. We know that the early Gaelic societies were organized around warfare-this construction would normally qualify civilizations in the procedure of migration: the Celts, the Huns, and subsequently the Germans. Although classical Greek and Roman authors considered the Celts to be violently insane, warfare was non an organized procedure of territorial conquering. Among the Celts, warfare seems to hold chiefly been a athletics, concentrating on foraies and runing. In Ireland, the establishment of the fianna involved immature, blue warriors who left the tribal country for a clip to carry on foraies and to run. When the Celts came into contact with the Romans, they changed their mode of warfare to a more organized defence agains a larger ground forces. It was these groups that the classical authors encountered and considered insane. The Gaelic method of warfare was to stand in forepart of the opposing ground forces and shriek and crush their lances and blades against their shields. They woul d so run headfirst into the opposing ground forces and screamed the full way-this frequently had the consequence of frightening the opposing soldiers who so broke into a tally ; contending a fleeing ground forces is comparatively easy work. If the opposing ground forces did non interrupt ranks, the Celts would halt short of the ground forces, return to their original place, and get down the procedure over agina. Gaelic society was hierarchal and class-based. Tribes were led by male monarchs but political organisations were unusually fictile. Harmonizing to both Roman and Irish beginnings, Celtic society was divided into three groups: a warrior nobility, an rational category that included Druids, poets, and legal experts, and everyone else.SocietySociety was tribal and kinship-based ; one ‘s cultural individuality was mostly derived from the larger tribal group, called the tuath ( â€Å" too-awth † ) in Irish ( intending â€Å" people † ) but finally based on the smallest kinship organisational unit, the kin, called the cenedl ( ke-na-dl ) , or â€Å" kindred, † in Irish. The kin provided individuality and protection-disputes between persons were ever differences between kins. Since it was the responsibility of the kin to protect persons, offenses against an person would be prosecuted against an full kin. One of the outstanding establishments among the Celts was the blood-feud in which slaying or abuses against an person would necessitate the full kin to violently exact requital. The blood-feud was in portion avoided by the establishment of professional go-betweens. At least an Ireland, a professional category of legal experts, called brithem, would intercede differences and exact reparations on the offending kin. Even though Gaelic society centered around a warrior nobility, the place of adult females was reasonably high in Gaelic society. In the earliest periods, adult females participated both in warfare and in kingship. While the ulterior Celts would follow a rigorous patriarchal theoretical account, they still have a memory of adult females leaders and warriors. Gaelic society was based about wholly on pastoralism and the elevation of cowss or sheep ; there was some agribusiness in the Celtic universe, but non much. The importance of cowss and the pastoral life created a alone establishment in Celtic, peculiarly Irish, life: the cattle-raid. The larceny of another group ‘s cows was frequently the turn outing point of a group of immature warriors ; the greatest lasting Irish myth, the T & A ; aacute ; in B & A ; oacute ; Cualingne, or â€Å" The Cattle Raid of Cooley, † centers about one such mythically-enhanced cattle-raid. There was no urbanisation of any sort among the Celts until the coming of Roman regulation ; in Ireland, urbanisation did non happen until the Danish and Norse invasions. Society was non based on trade or commercialism ; what trade took topographic point was mostly in the signifier of swap. Gaelic economic system was likely based on the economic rule of most tribal economic systems: reciprocality. In a mutual economic system, goods and other services are non exchanged for other goods, but they are given by persons to persons based on common affinity relationships and duties. ( A household economic system is typical of a mutual economy-parents and kids give each other stuff goods and services non in trade but because they are portion of a household ) . From the 19th century onwards, Celtic faith has enjoyed a captivation among modern Europeans and European-derived civilizations. In peculiar, the last few decennaries have seen a phenomenal growing non merely involvement in Celtic faith, but in spiritual patterns in portion derived from Gaelic beginnings. For all this involvement, nevertheless, we know following to nil about Celtic faith and patterns. The lone beginnings for Celtic spiritual patterns were written by Romans and Greeks, who considered the Celts little more than animate beings, and by subsequently Gaelic authors in Ireland and Wales who were composing from a Christian position. Simply put, although the Celts had a rich and permeant spiritual civilization, it has been for good lost to human memory. We can do some general remarks about Celtic faith based on the often-hostile histories of classical authors. The Celts were polytheistic ; these Gods were finally derived from more crude, Indo-germanic beginnings that gave rise to the polytheistic faiths of Greece, Persia, and India. The Romans in seeking to explicate these Gods, nevertheless, linked them with Roman Gods as did the Romanized Gauls-so we truly have no thought as to the Celtic character of these Gods and their maps. We do cognize that Gaelic Gods tended to come in 3s ; the Celtic logic of deity about ever centered on threes. This triadic logic no uncertainty had enormous significance in the interlingual rendition of Christianity into northern European cultural theoretical accounts.ReligionIt is about certain that the material universe of the Celts was suffused with deity that was both advantageous and harmful. Certain countries were considered more charged with deity than others, particularly pools, lakes and little Gr ovess, which were the sites of the cental ritual activities of Celtic life. The Celts were non-urbanized and harmonizing to Roman beginnings, Celtic ritual involved no temples or constructing structures-Celtic ritual life, so, was centered chiefly on the natural environment. Gaelic ritual life centered on a particular category, called the druides or â€Å" Druids † by the Romans, presumptively from a Gaulish word. Although much has been written about Druids and Celtic ritual pattern, we know following to nil about either. Here ‘s what we can garner. As a particular group, the Druids performed many of the maps that we would see â€Å" priestly † maps, including ritual and forfeit, but they besides included maps that we would put under â€Å" instruction † and â€Å" jurisprudence. † These rites and patterns were likely kept secret-a tradition common among early Indo-germanic peoples-which aid to explicate why the classical universe knows nil about them. The lone thing that the classical beginnings attest is that the Druids performed â€Å" barbarian † or â€Å" horrid † rites at lakes and Grovess ; there was a just sum of consensus among the Greeks and Romans that these rites involved human forfeit. This may or may non be true ; there is some grounds of human forfeit among the Celts, but it does non look to hold been a prevailing pattern. Harmonizing to Julius Caesar, who gives the longest history of Druids, the centre of Gaelic belief was the passing of psyches from one organic structure to another. From an archeological position, it is clear that the Celts believed in an after-life, for material goods are buried with the dead. The earliest Kelts who were major participants in the classical universe were the Gauls, who controlled an country widening from France to Switzerland. It was the Gauls who sacked Rome and subsequently invaded Greece ; it was besides the Gauls that migrated to Asia Minor to establish their ain, independent civilization at that place, that of the Galatians. Through invasion and migration, they spread into Spain and subsequently crossed the Alps into Italy and for good settled the country South of the Alps which the Romans so named, Cisalpine Gaul. The Gauls were a tribal and agricultural society. They were ruled by male monarchs, but single male monarchs reigned merely over little countries. Occasionally a individual powerful male monarch could derive the commitment of several male monarchs as a sort of â€Å" over-king, † but on the whole the Gauls throughout Europe were mostly an cultural continuity instead than a individual state. Cultural individuality among the early Gauls was really unstable. Cultural individuality was foremost and first based on little affinity groups, or clans-this cardinal cultural individuality frequently got collapsed into a larger individuality, that of folks. The chief political constructions, that of kingship, organized themselves around this tribal cultural individuality. For the most portion, the Gauls did non look to hold a larger cultural individuality that united the Gaulish universe into a individual cultural group-the â€Å" Gauls † as an cultural group was mostly invented by the Romans and the Greeks and applied to all the diverse folks spread across the face of northern Europe. The Gauls did hold a sense of territorial ethnicity ; the Romans and Greeks tell us that there were 16 separate territorial states of Gauls. These territorial groups were divided into a series of pagi, which were military units composed of work forces who had voluntarily united as fellow soldi ers.The GaulsThe Gauls, nevertheless, were non the original Europeans. Get downing in an country about Switzerland, the Celts spread westward and eastward displacing native Europeans in the procedure. These migrations begin around 500 BC. The Gaulish invasion of Italy in 400 was portion of this larger out-migration. The Romans, nevertheless, pushed them back by the 3rd century BC ; native Europeans in the North, nevertheless, were non so lucky. Two Gaelic folks, the Cimbri and the Teutones ( â€Å" Teuton, † an cultural for Germans, is derived from the Celtic root for â€Å" people † ) , emigrated E and settled in district in Germany. The centre of Gaelic enlargement, nevertheless, was Gaul, which lay North of the Alps in the part now within the boundary lines of France and Belgium and portion of Spain. The earliest history of the Gauls comes from Julius Caesar. In his history of his military expedition foremost into Gaul and so as far north as Britain, Caesar dexcribed the tribal and regional divisions among the Gauls, of which some seem to hold been original European populations and non Celtic at all. The Gaulish folks or districts often built munitions that served as the military and political centre of the part. These bastioned centres took their names from the larger tribe-for case, Paris took its name from the folk of Parisi and Chartres was originally named after the folk, the Carnuti, which had built it.India GlossaryGaulish society, like all of Celtic society, was stiffly divided into a category system. Similar category systems predominated among the Indians every bit good with mostly the same classs. Harmonizing to Julius Caesar, the three categories of Gaulish society were the druides, equites, and plebs, all Roman words. The Druids were the educated among the Gauls and occupied the highest societal place, merely as the Brahmin category occupied the highest societal place among the Indians. The Druids were responsible for cultural and spiritual cognition every bit good as the public presentation of rites, merely as the Brahmins in India. However vague these spiritual maps might be, the Druids were regarded as powerful over both society and the universe around them. The most powerful tool the Druids had was the power of excommunication-when a Druid excommunicated a member of a folk, it was tantamount to kicking that individual out of the society.Brahmin CaturvarnasThe British did non look in history until Julius Caesar crosses the English Channel from northern Gaul and began his failed conquering of Britain. The Romans returned in 43 AD and began a systematic conquering of the island until they reached the Pictish folks in the Scots Highlandss. Rome would abandon northern England, nevertheless, in 117 Ad The Romans found a disunified group of tribal lands organized around the same logic of warfare as the Gauls. Most of the folks were new arrivals-the majority of southern Britain had been conquered by the Belgae from northern Gaul. In the procedure of emigrating to the island, the Celts pushed the native populations north-these refugee tribal groups would go the cultural ascendants of the Picts, a cryptic civilization that dominated Scotland until the Irish invasions. Many of the folks, peculiarly those in Wales, nevertheless, were edgy. The Romans were beset by rebellions by some Celtic folks and depredations by the northen Picts-throughout the 4th century, as the Roman imperium was strained in every one-fourth, the Romans easy lost control of Britain. The official interruption came in 446 when the Romans in response to a British supplication for aid against the Picts and the Scots, declared Britain independent.BratainAs in Gaul, the Romans brought Roman urban and military civilization ; nevertheless, other than southern England, Roman establishments and civilization were non tremendously influential on the British Celts. The Celts in the North and in Wales ferociously resisted Roman civilization, and the Romans ne'er even put pes in Ireland. On the whole, the Romans more greatly respected and tolerated Gaelic establishments and faiths in Britain, so there was well less assimilation than in Gaul. Because of this, when the Romans left Britain, there was a Renaissance of Gaelic civilization. The British, nevertheless, had learned a really of import construct from the Romans: political integrity. The most celebrated of the Celtic princes was Vortigern, who ruled over eastern Britain. In order to contend against the Pictish invasions, he sent across the channel to acquire aid from the Saxons, a Germanic folk that had begun emigrating into western Europe in the 5th century. The Saxon soldier of fortunes, nevertheless, grew in figure as more and more Saxons came to Britain. Whether or non the narrative of Vortigern is true, Britain fell prey to the same Germanic out-migrations and invasions that spread across Gaul, Spain, and Italy. The Saxon out-migration began in eastern England until they spread wholly across lowland England. The cragged countries to the West ( Wales ) and the North ( Scotland ) , nevertheless, remained Celtic, as did Ireland. By the terminal of the 5th century AD, merely Wales, Scotland, and Ireland remained of the great Celtic tribal lands that had dominated the face of Europe. It was in Ireland that Gaelic civilization and establishments lasted the longest-although Christianity was introduced at an early day of the month, Ireland did non endure any major invasions or cultural alterations until the invasions of the Norwegians and the Danish in the 8th century. The Irish besides represent the last great migration of Celtic peoples. In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Irish crossed over into Scotland and consistently invaded that district until they politically dominated the Picts who lived at that place. The subsiding of Scotland in the 5th century was the really last moving ridge of Celtic migration. For Gaelic civilization, Ireland is much like Iceland was to the Norse. It was sufficiently removed from mainstream Europe to protect it from invasions and to insulate it from many of the cultural alterations which wracked the face of early Europe. It allowed a remarkable prolongation of heathen Gaelic civilization to blend with Christian and the emerging European civilization. This alone synthesis would supply the individual most productive line of cultural transmittal between Gaelic civilization and the European civilization which grew out of classical and German beginnings. Written history in Ireland began in the 5th century when Patrick came to Ireland and introduced literacy. Patrick came to the Celtic tribal land of Tara, which was ruled by Leary, the boy of Niall No & amp ; iacute ; gallich. The boies of Niall ruled over two lands in northern Ireland ; these swayers formed a dynasty that would be called the U & A ; iacute ; N & A ; eacute ; ailment ; the South of Ireland was mostly under the control of Munster. Patrick himself confined all of his activities to northern Ireland and the U & A ; iacute ; N & A ; eacute ; sick, peculiarly around the country of Armagh. Because he introduced the Irish to Christianity, European civilization, and authorship, he became the frequenter saint of Ireland. In the 700 ‘s, Ireland became capable to Norse foraies and out-migrations, merely as most of the remainder of Europe. The first to get were the Norwegians who attacked assorted islands and some of the promontories ; in the 800 ‘s, nevertheless, the Norwegians began to assail the western seashore of Ireland. In the mid-800 ‘s and all through the 900 ‘s, the Norse actively began to construct bastioned towns along the eastern seashore of Ireland. In 841, they built the bastioned town of Dublin ( which the Irish called Ath Cliath, or, â€Å" the hurdle Ford † ) , and would subsequently set up munitions at Cork, Waterford, and Wicklow, some of the cardinal towns of ulterior Irish history. Of these towns, nevertheless, Dublin was the centre of all the Norse activity and served as their cardinal base for foraies all around Ireland and the Irish Sea. The Irish at this clip did non concentrate their population along the seashore but lived inland-the Irish besides did non populate in big and bastioned towns. The debut of both munitions and something resembling urban life was originally introduced by the Norse. Finally, nevertheless, the Norse would come in struggle with the Danish and the country around Dublin became portion of the Danish land that had been established in northern England. The Irish, nevertheless, lived in single tribal groups that were non united-it was n't until 1014 that Munster Irish under the leading of Brian B & A ; oacute ; ruma defeated the Danish at Clontarf and eventually expelled the Norse for good. The Norwegians and the Danish, nevertheless, had mostly stripped Irish civilization of its greatest cultural artefacts. The lone histories that were written of the Norse in Ireland were written by the Irish-these historiographers were far from sympathetic to the encroachers! Ireland, nevertheless, gained a cardinal displacement in its cultural and economic patterns. The Irish inherited from the Danes and Norwegians fortified coastal towns and a new economic system based on trade and commercialism with other Europeans. They besides gave to the Irish more sophisticated accomplishments in ship-building and travel.Irish republicThe most of import bequest that the Irish bequeathed to Europe was Irish Christianity. When Patrick came to Ireland in the 5th century, Christianity had spread across the face of Gaelic civilization but had n't truly penetrated the assorted Gaelic civilizations. It was dispersed really thin and practiced by a perishingly little minority in Gaul and Britain. It was besides presuming a new, distinguishable character among the Celts, who combined Christianity non merely with native Celtic establishments and faiths, but with a overplus of eastern enigma faiths. ( Much of what we call modern â€Å" pagan religion † which points to Gaelic beginnings really originates in eastern, mystery faiths that had been imported into Gaelic civilization. ) It was this Celticized version of Christianity that Patrick brought with him to Ireland. The Saxon invasions, nevertheless, wiped out Christianity in England, but non in Wales or Ireland or Scotland, where the faith had been introduced by Columba, an Irish saint. It was n't until the late 6th century that Christianity was reintroduced into Britain ; this trade name of Christianity, more aligned with the patterns of the Roman church, came into struggle with Celtic Christianity and its alone patterns. By the 10th century, the alone Celtic Christianity of Britain had mostly been subordinated to Saxon Christianity. It was in Ireland that Celtic Christianity thrived during the Germanic invasions and so the ulterior subordination of Celtic Christian patterns to Saxon patterns. The Christianity that Patrick brought to Ireland was Episcopal or diocesan Christianity-the standard signifier of Christianity in Roman occupied districts. Episcopal Christianity is oriented around the organisation of Christians as laic people under the religious and partiall secular control of a bishop ( â€Å" episcopus † in Latin ) . Episcopal Christianity, nevertheless, was entirely ill-sorted to Ireland, for it relies on a certain degree of urbanisation. For the mostly rural, disorganized, and tribal nature of early Irish society, the Episcopal construction had nil to work with. So Irish Christianity shortly developed into cloistered Christianity, which is oriented around the centralisation of a little Christian community under the leading of an archimandrite. This would go the uniquely Irish signifier of Christianity that in spirit and in pattern was much different from the preponderantly Episcopal character of Roman Christianity. The cloistered centres became the countries where Irish Christian civilization thrived-they besides introduced some political stableness and agribusiness into Irish society. While they were nominally under the authorization of Rome, because they were so removed they operated with comparative independency. This would finally convey them in terrible struggle with the Roman church. Before that, nevertheless, Irish missionaries would distribute Gaelic civilization and Christianity all over the face of Europe. Even though the Irish Christians finally submitted to Roman force per unit areas, Irish Christianity had diffused across the face of Europe. This is because the most advanced and distinguishable characteristic of Irish Christianity was rolling, called perigrinatio in Latin. While many Christians became monastics in monasteries, some became hermits, that is, lone monastics. The Irish hermits, nevertheless, saw their mission non as life in isolation, but as rolling around by themselves. These were non specifically missional rovings, but they had that consequence. In the 6th century, one of Ireland ‘s greatest saints, Columicille ( or â€Å" Columba † in Latin ) , successfully introduced Christianity to Scotland. As the in-between ages progressed, nevertheless, the unambiguously Gaelic character of the Irish church, with its profoundly superb merger of Celtic art with Christian art, its merger of Celtic societal organisation and Torahs with cloistered life, and its alone perigrinative character disappeared into the homogenising tendency of the higher center

Amy Chua - 1459 Words

Markisha Carter/ Unit Two â€Å"B† Essay Amy Chua is obviously very opinionated. There is a lot of controversy surrounding her memoir, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, in which she was very harsh towards her daughters and made it clear that her parenting methods were better than those of a Western parent. There is no manual on parenting, but how do we know when we as parents cross the line between being concerned for our child’s future and being overbearing? Being a parent myself, I know firsthand that it gets frustrating and sometimes, that inner control can be lost. Amy demonstrated this challenge plenty of times. I acknowledge that Amy may have thought she was motivating her children to be strong, successful women but I don’t think she†¦show more content†¦One can’t help but wonder how Amy and Jed had such a successful marriage. I’m pretty sure Jed disagreed with Amy more than she let on in the book. According to her, â€Å"Besides, I w as at a disadvantage because I had an American husband who believed that childhood should be fun† (46). Amy knew this, yet she still didn’t let the girls have fun. Maybe Jed should have pushed her to be more outgoing and spontaneous. According to Dr. Jim Taylor, there are three qualities a parent must possess to raise healthy children: calmness, persistence, and toughness (Taylor, Three Words). Chua was not so good in the calmness department. Tough love is often given to children having behavioral problems as they grow older but this did not apply to Sophia and Lulu. Why was all of that â€Å"tough love† being given to them? In a way, Amy could have been living her dreams through the girls. But if she wanted to be a professional musician, she should have done so. Instead, she pushed the girls to do something without ever asking them if it was what they wanted to do. Lulu let her have it when she said to her mother â€Å"Mommy, I get it. I’ve watched you a nd listened to your lectures a thousand times. But I don’t want you controlling my life† (221). She mentioned a couple of times in the book that Chinese kids owed theirShow MoreRelatedWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior by Amy Chua and Two Kinds by Amy Tan992 Words   |  4 PagesThe stories Why Chinese Mothers are Superior by Amy Chua and Two Kinds by Amy Tan portray how children are raised in Chinese-American culture and what beliefs predominate in Chinese-American communities. In Chinese-American culture, mothers approach raising their children differently from many other American parents. While there are many similarities among these Chinese parents, variation can still be seen in the level of persistence and determination each individual parent pours into their parentingRead MoreA Letter to Amy Chua793 Words   |  4 PagesA LETTER TO AMY CHUA Dear Amy Chua: I am a student who is raised by demanding eastern parenting style you described in your article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are superior† and can easily find this kind of parenting style in China. As a typical Chinese mom, you demonstrate an general idea held by most Chinese parents that keeping working â€Å"makes the once not fun activity fun† with your own experience about enforcing Lulu to finish the task which seems impossible. 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There are really no set rules on how to raise your child, as we can see throughout the articles written by Amy Chua, a self-described â€Å"Chinese Tiger Mom† and Hanna Rosin, a â€Å"Western Mother,† in The Wall Street Journal in January 2011. These articles show that the two authors have completely different parenting styles. On one hand, Amy Chua believes kids should not go to sleepovers, beRead MoreBattle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother By Amy Chua1097 Words   |  5 PagesChua Summary Amy Chua, author of the book â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother†, writes about the differences between Western style parenting and Chinese style parenting. Although Chua acknowledges that Chinese parents are strict and Western parents are less strict, she knows it is a generalization. She outlines the high expectations that Chinese parents have for their children. She compares the statistics about strictness in the eyes of Western and Chinese parents. Chua says that Chinese parents getRead MoreWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua1203 Words   |  5 PagesOne woman, with a view agreed upon by many others, is Amy Chua, a professor at the prestigious law school of Yale University. In Amy Chua’s â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,† an excerpt from Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, Chua explains Chinese parenting and how it is effective in her life. She claims that by breaking down a child and pushing them to their full potential, the child will, in tu rn, be confident and incredibly successful. Chua also makes it seem like Western parenting is far too relaxedRead MoreWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua1737 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many different methods of how learning develops in children. The two authors show different ways that parents approach encouraging their children’s potential and ability to achieve success. In Amy Chua’s essay â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior,† she writes a memoir of how she raised her two daughters following her interpretation of the Chinese culture. She limited her daughter’s extracurricular activities and forced them to perfect every subject in school in order to be successful academicallyRead MoreBattle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother By Amy Chua1002 Words   |  5 PagesIn the â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother,† Amy Chua addresses two main styles of parenting, and which style she thinks is better for children. The main parenting styles she talk s about are Western style parenting, and Chinese parenting. Amy implies that Western parents are more lenient and less strict, and that Chinese parents are very strict and harder on children so that they grow up to be successful. In the essay, she claims that Chinese parents are a lot tougher and more strict on their children